AMAS FACT FILE

AMAS FACT FILE

​​​​​​​

AMAS FACT FILE

WORLD GEOGRAPHY
Countries ranking by: Area; Population; GDP 

• BY TOTAL AREA (as on Jan 2026)

1. RUSSIA – 170.75 lakh sq km
2. CANADA – 99.68 lakh sq km
3. USA – 98.66 lakh sq km
4. CHINA– 95.72 lakh sq km
5. BRAZIL – 85.10 lakh sq km
6. AUSTRALIA – 76.88 lakh sq km
7. INDIA – 32.87 lakh sq km
8. KAZAKHSTAN – 27.24 lakh sq km
9. ARGENTINA – 27.04 lakh sq km
10. ALGERIA – 23.81 lakh sq km

• By Population (as per: 2026)

1. INDIA – 147.663 crore
2. CHINA – 141.291 crore
3. USA – 34.26 crore
4. INDONESIA – 28.79 crore
5. PAKISTAN – 24.1 crore
6. NIGERIA – 24.24 crore
7. BRAZIL – 21.36 crore
8. BANGLADESH – 17.7 crore
9. RUSSIA – 14.3 crore
10. ETHIOPIA – 13.8 crore

• By GDP (as per: 2026)

1. USA - $32.38 Trillion
2. CHINA - $20.85 Trillion
3. GERMANY - $5.45 Trillion
4. JAPAN - $4.38 Trillion
5. UK - $4.26 Trillion
6. INDIA - $4.15 Trillion
7. FRANCE - $3.6 Trillion
8. ITALY - $2.74 Trillion
9. RUSSIA - $2.66 Trillion
10. BRAZIL - $2.64 Trillion

Population of World

1. Total – 823 crore                                 
2. Male – 414 crore                                     
3. Female – 409 crore

Surface of Earth

1. Water – 70.8%
2. Land – 29.2%
3. Saltwater – 97.5%
4. Freshwater - 2.5%

Age Structure of the World

1. 0 – 14 years = 24%
2. 15 – 64 years = 65%

Longest Rivers in the world: Top 5 with length

1. Nile River – 6,650 km - North-eastern Africa
2. Amazon River – 6,400 km – South America
3. Yangtze River – 6,300 km – China
4. Mississippi - Missouri River System – 6,275 km – USA
5. Yenisei River – 5,539 km – Russia & Mangolia 

Lowest point on earth (with depth) – on LAND = Dead Sea 400 to 414 meters 
Lowest point on earth (with depth) – below Sea Level = Challenger Deep in Mariana Trench 10,935 meters
​​​​​​​​​​​​​​
Important Features of the Continents 

• Continent: ASIA

1. Major Mountain Range: Himalayas, Karakoram, Hindu Kush
​​​​​​​2. Highest Peak: Mount Everest (8849 meters): Located Near Nepal / china 
​​​​​​​3. Longest River: Yangtze River (6300 km, China)

• Continent: AFRICA

1. Major Mountain Range: Atlas Mountain, Ethiopian Highlands, Drakensberg
​​​​​​​2. Highest Peak: Mount Kilimanjaro (5895 meters): Located Near- Tanzania
​​​​​​​3. Longest River: Nile River ( 6650 km, Africa)

• Continent: NORTH AMERICA

1. Major Mountain Range: Rockey Mountains, Sierra Nevada, Appalachians
​​​​​​​2. Highest Peak: Denali (6194 meters
​​​​​​​3. Longest River: Mississippi- Missouri River System ( 6275 km, USA)

• Continent: SOUTH AMERICA

1. Major Mountain Range: Andes (7000 km)
​​​​​​​2. Highest Peak: Mount Aconcagua (6961 meters, Argentina)
​​​​3. Longest River: Amazon River (6400 km)

• Continent: EUROPE

1. Major Mountain Range: Alps, Pyrenees, Carpathians, Caucasus
​​​​​​​2. Highest Peak: Mount Elbrus (5642 meters, Russia)
​​​​​​​3. Longest River: Volga River (3530 km, Russia)

• Continent: AUSTRALIA

1. Major Mountain Range: Great Dividing Range, MacDonnell Ranges
​​​​​​​2. Highest Peak: Mount Kosciuszko (2228 m, Australia)
​​​​​​​3. Longest River: Murray Darling River System (3672 km)

• Continent: ANTARCTICA

1. Major Mountain Range: Transantarctic Mountains Ellsworth Mountains
​​​​​​​2. Highest Peak: Mount Vinson (4892 m)
​​​​​​​3. Longest River: Onyx River (32 km, Antarctica

Important Seas

1. Mediterranean Sea – Located: Between Europe, Africa, Asia
​​​​​​​2. Caribbean Sea – Located: Central America and Caribbean islands
​​​​​​​3. Black Sea – Located: Eastern Europe, connected via Bosporus
​​​​​​​4. Red Sea – Located: Between Africa and Arabian Peninsula
​​​​​​​5. Baltic Sea – Located: Northern Europe, bordered by Scandinavia and Baltic states
​​​​​​​6. South China Sea – Located: Southeast Asia, highly strategic trade route
​​​​​​​7. Caspian Sea – Located: Largest enclosed inland body of water (technically a lake)

Volcanoes: World

1. LARGEST by MASS- Tamu Massif – Height: (Underwater) 4460 meters – Location: ShatskyRise- Pacific Ocean
​​​​​​​2. TALLEST - Mauna Kea – Height: 10,210 meters from ocean base and 4207 meters above sea level – Location: Hawaii, USA
​​​​​​​3. MOST ACTIVE – Kilauea – Height: 1247 meters – Location: Hawaii, USA

Volcanoes: India

1. ACTIVE - Barren Island – Height: 354 meters – Location: Andaman and Nicobar Islands
​​​​​​​2. DORMANT - Narcondam Island – Height; 710 meters – Location: Andaman and NicobarIslands
​​​​​​​3. EXTINCT - Deccan Traps – Height: 1500 meters – Location: Maharashtra, Karnataka

Important Straits

1. STRAIT OF GIBRALTAR – Located: Connects Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea (Spain/Morocco)
​​​​​​​2. STRAIT OF MALACCA – Located: Between Malay Peninsula and Sumatra; busiest shipping route
​​​​​​​3. STRAIT OF HORMUZ – Located: Connects Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman; vital for oil transport
​​​​​​​4. BOSPORUS & DARDANELLES – Located: Connect Black Sea to Mediterranean (Turkey)
​​​​​​​5. BERING STRAIT – Located: Between Russia and Alaska, connects Arctic Ocean and Pacific
​​​​​​​6. BAB-EL-MANDEB – Located: Connects Red Sea to Gulf of Aden (Djibouti/Yemen)
​​​​​​7. PALK STRAIT – Located: Between India and Sri Lanka

 Important Channels 

1. English Channel – Located: Between England and France, connects North Sea to Atlantic
​​​​​​​2. Mozambique Channel – Located: Between Madagascar and Mozambique
​​​​​​​3. Panama Canal – Located: Connects Atlantic and Pacific Oceans
​​​​​​​4. Sunda Strait – Located: Between Java and Sumatra, Indonesia

Important Gulfs

1. Persian Gulf – Located: Between Iran and Arabian Peninsula
​​​​​​​2. Gulf of Mexico – Located: Bordered by USA, Mexico, Cuba
​​​​​​​3. Gulf of Aden – Located: Between Yemen and Somalia, connects to Arabian Sea
​​​​​​​4. Gulf of Guinea – Located: West Africa, major oil-rich region
​​​​​​​5. Gulf of California (Sea of Cortez) – Located: Between Baja California

GEOGRAPHY INDIA

Area

• Total – 3,287,263 sq km 
​​​​​​​• Land – 2,973,193 sq km
​​​​​​​• Water – 314,070 sq km

Extreme Points of India 

• 37°6’ N – Indira Col, Ladakh (Northernmost point)
​​​​​​​• 97°25’ E – Kibithu, Arunachal Pradesh (Easternmost point)
​​​​​​​• 8°4’ N – Kanyakumari, Tamil Nadu (Southernmost point – mainland)
​​​​​​​• 68°7’ E – Guhar Moti, Gujarat (Westernmost point)

Indian Standard Meridian

• Located at 82°30’ E, 5 hours 30 minutes ahead GMT
​​​​​​​• Passes through five states – Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, Andhra Pradesh

Land Boundaries 
​​​​​​​Total = 15,106 km

Border Countries

• Bangladesh: 4096 km and is the 5th largest land border in world 
​​​​​​​• China: 3488 km 
​​​​​​​• Nepal: 1752 km 
​​​​​​​• Myanmar: 1643 km 
​​​​​​​• Bhutan: 699 km 
​​​​​​​• Pakistan: 3323 km 
​​​​​​​• Afghanistan: 106 km 
​​​​​​​• India shares maritime boundaries with 7 countries – Sri Lanka, Maldives, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand, Indonesia and Pakistan.

India’s Coastline
• Total length- 11098.81 km

Maritime Claims

‘nm’ – nautical miles
​​​​​​​1nm = 1,852 meters

​​​​​​​• Territorial sea – 12nm
​​​​​​​• Contiguous zone – 24nm
​​​​​​​• Exclusive economic zone – 200nm
​​​​​​​• Continental shelf – beyond 200nm 

Highest peaks of India -

1. Kanchenjunga 8,586 meters - Sikkim
​​​​​​​2. Nanda Devi – 7816 meters – Himalayas – Uttarakhand
​​​​​​​3. Kamet – 7756 meters – Himalayas – Uttarakhand
​​​​​​​4. Saltoro Kangri (K10) – 7742 meters – Karakoram – Ladakh
​​​​​​​5. Saser Kangri I (K22) – 7672 meters – Karakoram – Ladakh 
​​​​​​​• Mean Elevation – 160 meters
​​​​​​​    (Mean elevation = the average height of a country’s land above mean sea level.)

Land Used

• Agriculture land- 60%
​​​​​​​• Arable land- 52.8%, (Arable land: used for growing crops)
​​​​​​​• Forest cover (2025) – 7,15,343 sq km; 21.76%; 2% of the world total;

1. Madhya Pradesh (77,073 sq Km)
​​​​​​​2. Arunachal Pradesh (65,882 sq Km)
​​​​​​​3. Chhattisgarh (55, 812 sq Km)

Climate- Varies from tropical monsoon in south to temperate in north

Natural Resources

• Coal 4th largest reserve in the world
​​​​​​​• Mica, antimony, iron ore, lead, manganese, bauxite, diamond

 Major River basins

1. Ganga Basin: 1,000,000 - 1,086,000 sq km (within India)
​​​​​​2. Indus Basin: 321,289 sq km (within India)
​​​​​​​3. Godavari Basin: 312,812 sq km
​​​​​​​4. Krishna Basin: 258,948 sq km
​​​​​​​5. Brahmaputra Basin: 194,413 sq km (within India)
​​​​​​​6. Mahanadi Basin: 141,600 sq km
​​​​​​​7. Narmada Basin: 98,796 sq km
​​​​​​​8. Cauvery Basin: 87,900 sq km
​​​​​​​9. Tapi (Tapti) Basin: 65,145 sq km ​​​​​​​​​​​​​​
 
​​​​​​​ Important Channels/Gulfs/Straits

Important Lakes

​​​​​Important Mountain Ranges 

 Important Mountain Passes in India

 Important Dams

 Important Hydro Power Projects

 GOVERNMENT DATA
​​​​​​​​​​​​​​Government Type: Federal Parliament Republic 

Important Government Post Holder 
​​​​​​​• Chief Justice of India- Justice Surya Kant (53rd)
​​​​​​​• Comptroller and Auditor General of India – Shri K. Sanjay Murthy
​​​​​​​• Attorney General of India – R. Venkataramani
​​​​​​​• Chief Election Commissioner – Shri Gyanesh Kumar
​​​​​​​• Defence Secretary – Rajesh Kumar Singh
​​​​​​​• Foreign Secretary – Vikram Misri

Chiefs of Armed Forces 
​​​​​​​• Chief of the Army Staff (COAS) – General Dhiraj Seth PVSM, UYSM, AVSM
​​​​​​​• Chief of the Naval Staff (CNS) – Admiral Krishna Swaminathan PVSM, AVSM, VSM
​​​​​​​• Chief of the Air Staff (CAS) – Air Chief Marshal Amar Preet Singh PVSM, AVSM
​​​​​​​• Chief of Defence Staff (CDS) – General N. S. Raja Subramani PVSM, AVSM, SM, VSM

PARLIAMENT

​​​​​​​​​​​​Lok Sabha –
​​​​​​​• Maximum strength: 550 members
​​​​​​​• Up to 530 representatives of States and Up to 20 representatives of Union Territories.
​​​​​​​• Current sanctioned strength: 543 elected members
​​​​​​​• Speaker of the Lok Sabha - Shri Om Birla

Rajya Sabha – 
​​​​​​​• Maximum strength: 250 members
​​​​​​​• 238 representatives of States and Union Territories 12 members nominated by the President of India 
​​​​​​​• Current strength: 245 members
​​​​​​​• Chairman of the Rajya Sabha - C. P. Radhakrishnan

Constitution of India
​​​​​​​• Drafted on 4th November, 1949
​​​​​​​• Adopted on – 26th November, 1949
​​​​​​​• Came in Force on – 26th January, 1950
​​​​​​​• Legal System – common law system based on English Law Model. Personal Laws applicable for various communities.
​​​​​​​• Judicial Review System incorporated. 
​​​​​​​• SUFFRAGE: 18 years of age
​​​​​​​• CITIZENSHIP: Those born on or after January 26, 1950 get citizenship by birth, Those born between July 1, 1987 and December 3, 2004 get citizenship from Decent i.e., at least one parent should be a citizen of India. 
​​​​​​​• Head of State: President 
​​​​​​​• Head of Government: Prime Minister
​​​​​​• Cabinet: Union Cabinet of ministers recommended by the PM, appointed by the President.

List of Presidents of India 

ECONOMIC DATA

GDP (FY 2025-26)
​​​​​​​• Real GDP - USD 3.38 trillion
​​​​​​​• Nominal GDP – USD 3.64 trillion
​​​​​​​• Real GDP Growth Rate – 7.7%
​​​​​​​• Nominal GDP Growth Rate – 8.9%
​​​​​​​• GDP per capita - USD 2812

Inflation Rate 
​​​​​​​• Consumer Price Index (CPI) – 3.93% (May 2026) 
​​​​​​​• Wholesale Price Index (WPI) – 9.68% (May 2026 provisional estimate)

Some Important Economic Indicators
​​​​​​​• Unemployment Rate – 5.5% (May 2026)
​​​​​​​• Repo Rate – 5.25% (June 2026)
​​​​​​​• Fiscal Deficit - FY 2025-26: 4.4% of GDP
​​​​​​​• Forex Reserves -  USD 701.4 billion as of 16 January 2026

FDI Inflow

​​​​​​Top 5 trading partners (with total bilateral trade)
 ​​​​​​​• Total Exports – USD 860.09 Billion (FY 2025-2026)
 ​​​​​​​• Total Imports – USD 979.40 Billion (FY 2025-2026)
 ​​​​​​​• Total Bilateral Trade :
         ​​​​​​​1. China – USD 151.1 Billion
 ​​​​​​​        2. USA – USD 140.2 Billion
 ​​​​​​​        3. UAE – USD 70.05 Billion

​​​​Budget 2026-2027

Defence Budget 2026-2027
​​​​​​​• Total allocated budget: ₹7.85 lakh crore, 15.19% over Budgetary Estimates (BE) of FY 2025–26
​​​​​​​• ₹1.39 lakh crore allocated for procurement from domestic defence industries.
​​​​​​​• Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) Budget: ₹29,100.25

POPULATION DATA
​​​​​​​• Total population – 143.7 crore
​​​​​​​• Total male population – 73.5 crore
​​​​​​​• Total female population – 70.2 crore 
​​​​​​​• Urban Population – 53.8 crore
​​​​​​​• Rate of Urbanization – 37.4 %
​​​​​​​• Most populated state – Uttar Pradesh
​​​​​​​• Least populated state - Sikkim
​​​​​​​• 5 most populated state – Uttar Pradesh , Maharashtra, Bihar, West Bengal, Madhya Pradesh
​​​​​​​• Birth Rate – 19.3 per 1000
​​​​​​​• Death Rate – 7.3 per 1000
​​​​​​​• Sex Ratio – 952 females per 1000 males 
​​​​​​​• Infant Mortality rate – 23 per 1000 live births (2023)
​​​​​​​• Life expectancy at birth  - 69.9 years (Economic Survey 2025-2026)
​​​​​​​• Fertility Rate – 1.9
​​​​​​​• Total Literacy Rate – 77.7 %
​​​​​​​• Male Literacy Rate – 84.7 %
​​​​​​​• Female Literacy Rate – 70.3 %
​​​​​​​• State with highest literacy Rate – Mizoram 98.2%
​​​​​​​• State with lowest literacy Rate – Andhra Pradesh 72.6%

TRANSPORTATION DATA

 AIRPORTS
​​​​​​​• Total – 149
​​​​​​​• International – 34
​​​​​​​• Domestic - 115
​​​​​​​• Major Airports – 

1. Indira Gandhi International Airport – Delhi
​​​​​​​2. Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport – Mumbai
​​​​​​​3. Kempegowda International Airport – Bengaluru
​​​​​​4. Rajiv Gandhi International Airport – Hyderabad

5. Chennai International Airport – Chennai

6. Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport – Kolkata

Roadways 

• Total length of road – 66.7 lakh km

• Total national highway network – 1,46,195 km

• National high-speed corridors - 18,000 km planned high-speed economic corridors

• Golden Quadrilateral – 5,846 km , Connects: Delhi – Mumbai – Chennai – Kolkata

Railways 

• Total track length – 1,26,366 km 

• Total route length – 68,584 km

• Total Vande Bharat trains – 51 services operational

• First Vande Bharat Rapid Rail – Lunched on: 15 February, 2019 Run Route: New Delhi – Varanasi

• First Rapid Rail: Namo Bharat Rail: Inaugurated on October, 2023 Route: Delhi–Ghaziabad–Meerut Corridor

Ports 

• Total Major Ports - 12

1. Deendayal Port (Kandla) – Gujarat

2. Mumbai Port – Maharashtra

3. Jawaharlal Nehru Port (JNPT) – Maharashtra

4. Mormugao Port – Goa

5. New Mangalore Port – Karnataka

6. Cochin Port – Kerala

7. Chennai Port – Tamil Nadu

8. Kamarajar Port (Ennore) – Tamil Nadu

9. V.O. Chidambaranar Port (Tuticorin) – Tamil Nadu

10. Visakhapatnam Port – Andhra Pradesh

11. Paradip Port – Odisha

12. Syama Prasad Mookerjee Port (Kolkata–Haldia) – West Bengal

• Non-Major Ports – 205

ENERGY DATA - Energy Statistics India 2026 (FY 2024- 2025)

Energy Reserves

• Coal reserves: 00.72 billion tonnes

• Crude Oil reserves: 672.07 million tonnes

• Natural Gas reserves: 1,073.01 billion cubic meters (BCM)

Energy Generation

• Solar Energy: 33,43,378 Megawatt

• Wind Power: 11,63,856 Megawatt

• Large Hydro: 1,33,410 Megawatt

Energy Production

• Coal production grew by 4.98%, reaching at 1047.52 million tonnes

• Crude oil production: 28.70 million tonnes

• Natural Gas production: 36.11 Billion Cubic Meters (BCM)

• Total Electricity production - 460,324 GWH

Import

• Import of Coal decreased by 8.09% and reached at 241.71 million tonnes

• Import of Natural Gas surged by 12.34%, amounting to 35.72 BCM (Billion Cubic Meter)

• Import of Crude Oil also grew from 234.26 Million Tonnes to 243.22 Million during FY 2024-25

Energy consumption

Electricity Consumption

MILITARY DATA

Rank Structure and Insignia

Indian Army

Indian Airforce

Indian Navy

Top Military Exercises

INDIAN ARMY 

Domestic Exercises

• Exercise Sudarshan Shakti

• Exercise Vijay Prahar

• Exercise Him Vijay

• Exercise Yudh Abhyas (also bilateral with USA)

• Exercise Shakti (with France)

• Exercise Gagan Shakti (Tri-service participation)

• Exercise Poorvi Prahar

• Exercise Paschim Lehar

Bilateral / Multinational

• Yudh Abhyas – USA

• Indra – Russia

• Shakti – France

• Hand-in-Hand – China

• Maitree – Thailand

• Surya Kiran – Nepal

• Nomadic Elephant – Mongolia

• Garuda Shakti – Indonesia

• Dharma Guardian – Japan

• Sampriti – Bangladesh

• Khanjar – Kyrgyzstan

• Ajeya Warrior – UK

INDIAN NAVY

• MALABAR (USA, Japan, Australia)

• MILAN (hosted by India)

• RIMPAC (USA-hosted)

• IBSAMAR (India–Brazil–South Africa)

• VARUNA (France)

• SIMBEX – Singapore

• INDRA NAVY – Russia

• AUSINDEX – Australia

• KONKAN – UK

• SLINEX – Sri Lanka

• CORPAT (Coordinated Patrols with various countries)

INDIAN AIR FORCE

Domestic

• Exercise Vayu Shakti

• Exercise Gagan Shakti

• Exercise Astra

International

• Cope India – USA

• Garuda – France

• Indradhanush – UK

• Pitch Black – Australia

• Red Flag – USA

• Eastern Bridge – Oman

• Desert Eagle – UAE

• Blue Flag – Israel

Various Weapon Systems in Indian Armed Forces 

Infantry Weapons

1. 5. 56mm INSAS Rifle Fixed Butt AK- 47 Rifle

2. .9 mm Sten Machine Carbine

3. .9 mm Pistol

4. Hand Grenade

5. 5.56 mm Light Machine Gun

6. AK 203 Rifle

7. 8 mm Rocket launcher

8. 51 mm Mortar

9. 7.62 mm Medium Machine Gun

10. 7.62 mm Dragunov Rifle

11. 40mm Multi Grenade Launcher

12. 81mm Mortar

13. Anti-Tank Guided Missiles

Artillery Weapons

1. M777 Howitzer

2. 130 mm/122 mm Upgraded Guns

3. Artillery Modernised Weapon

4. Pinaka Multi Barrel Rocket Launcher

5. K9 Thunder

6. Self-Propelled Artillery

Naval Ships  

1. Aircraft Carriers – INS Vikramaditya, INS Vikrant

2. Nuclear Ballistic Missile Submarine – INS Arihant, INS Arighaat, INS Aridhaman

3. Destroyers – Visakhapatnam Class, Kolkata Class, Delhi Class

Aircrafts 

1. Attack Aircraft

• DASSAULT RAFALE

• DASSUALT MIRAGE 2000

• SUKHOI SU-30 MKI

• MIKOYAN MIG 29

• MIKOYAN GUREVICH MIG21

• SEPECAT JAGUAR

• HAL LCA TEJAS

2. Transport Aircraft

• AIRBUS C295

• ANTONOV AN-32

• DORNIER 228

• HAWKER SIDDELEY HS 748

• LOCKHEED MARTIN C130J SUPER HERCULES

• BOEING C-17 GLOBEMASTER

• BOEING C-17 GLOBEMASTER

3. Attack Helicopters

• BOEING AH-64 APACHE

• HAL LCH PRACHAND

• HAL RUDRA

• MIL MI 24 HIND

4. Transport/Utility Helicopters

• CHETAK (Aérospatiale Alouette III)

• CHEETAH (Aérospatiale SA 315B Lama)

• HAL ALH DHRUV

• HAL LIGHT UTILITY HELICOPETR

• BOEING CH-47 CHINOOK

• MI 17

5. Reconnaissance Aircraft

• BOMBARDIER GLOBAL 5000

• GULFSTREAM G100

• GULFSTREAM III

• BOEING 707

6. Trainer Aircraft

• PILATUS PC-7 (BASIC TRAINER)

• HAL HTT 40 (BASIC TRAINER)

• HAL HJT 16 KIRAN (INTERMEDIATE TRAINER)

• BAE HAWK

Missiles

1. Ballistic Missiles- Agni, Prithvi,

2. Cruise Missiles – Brahmos, Astra(BVR), Nirbhay, Prahaar, Shaurya

3. Anti-Tank Missile – Nag

Drones 

1. IAI Heron

2. IAI Searcher

3. General Atomics MQ-9 Reaper

Important Battles

• Pre Independence Wars:

1. Battle of Plassey

Parties: British East India Company against Siraj-ud-Daulah (Nawab of Bengal)

Result: British victory, with Mir Jafar crowned as the new Nawab of Bengal

Location: Palashi, on the banks of Bhagirathi river near Calcutta

Year: 23 June 1757

2. Battle of Buxar

Parties: British against Mir Qasim (administering Bengal), Shuja-ud-Daulah (Nawab of Oudh) and Shah Alam II (Mughal emperor)

Result: British

Location: Buxar, Bihar

Year: October 1764

3. First Battle of Panipat

Parties: Babar against Ibrahim Lodi

Result: Babar won

Location: Panipat, Haryana

Year: 21 April 1526

4. Second Battle of Panipat

Parties: Akbar against Hemu Result: Mughal victory

Location: Panipat, Haryana

Year: 5 November 1556

5. Third Battle of Panipat

Parties: Maratha Empire and Durrani Empire (Afghanistan)

Result: Afghan victory

Location: Panipat, Haryana​

Year:​14 January 1761

6. 1857 Revolt: It is considered as the first war of Independence. Major uprising against British East India Company. Notable leaders include Bahadur Shah Zafar, Rani Laxmibai, TantiaTope, Mangal Pandey etc.

7. First World War (1914-1918)

Allied Powers: Great Britain, France, Russia, Italy, Japan, US (1917)

Central Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire, Bulgaria

Result: Allied powers won

8. Second World War (1939-1945)

Allied Powers: United Kingdom, USA, China, Soviet Union

Axis Powers: Germany, Japan, Italy

Result: Allied powers won, ended with Japan’s surrender after US dropping nuclear bombs on Heroshima and Nagasaki

• Post-Independence Wars:

1. 1947-48, Indo-Pak War

2. 1962, Sino-Indian War

3. 1965, Indo-Pak War

4. 1971, Bangladesh Liberation War

5. 1999, Kargil War

• Important Operations after Independence

1. Op Meghdoot: Siachen1984

2. Op Cactus: Maldives 1988

3. Op Cactus Lilly: Meghna Heli Bridge, 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War

4. Op Pawan: Sri Lanka, 1987

5. Op Sindoor 2025

IMPORTANT NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

DRDO

• Headquarters: DRDO Bhawan

• Location: New Delhi, India

• Date of Formation: 1 January 1958

• Chairman/Head (2026): Dr Samir V. Kamat (Secretary, Department of Defence R&D & Chairman DRDO)

ISRO

• Headquarters: ISRO Headquarters

• Location: Bengaluru, Karnataka

• Date of Formation: 15 August 1969

• Chairman/Head (2026): S. Somanath

CDS

• Headquarters: Integrated Defence Headquarters (IDHQ), Ministry of Defence

• Location: New Delhi

• Post Created On: 24 December 2019

• Current CDS (2026): General N.S. Raja Subramani

RBI

• Headquarters: Central Office Building

• Location: Mumbai, Maharashtra

• Date of Establishment: 1 April 1935

• Governor (2026): Sanjay Malhotra

Election Commission of India

• Headquarters: Nirvachan Sadan

• Location: New Delhi

• Date of Formation: 25 January 1950

• Chief Election Commissioner (2026): Shri Gyanesh Kumar

Niti Aayog

• Headquarters: NITI Aayog Building

• Location: New Delhi

• Date of Formation: 1 January 2015

• Chairperson: Prime Minister of India

• Vice Chairperson (2026): Ashok Lhiri

IMPORTANT INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

ASEAN

• Association of Southeast Asian Nations

• Founded: 8 August 1967 (Bangkok Declaration)

• Hq: Jakarta,Indonesia

• Total Member States: 11

• Members: Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Brunei, Vietnam, Laos, Myanmar, Cambodia, Timor Leste

• 48th ASEAN Summit – Cebu, Philippines (May 2026)

BRICS

• Founded: 16 June 2009 (First Summit, Yekaterinburg)

• Hq: Shanghai, China

• Total Member States (2026): 10

• Members: Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa, Saudi Arabia, UAE, Iran, Egypt, Ethiopia

• 18th BRICS Summit- New Delhi (Sep 2026)

SCO

• Shanghai Cooperation Organisation

• Hq: Beijing, China

• Founded: 15 June 2001

• Total Member States: 10

• Members: China, Russia, India, Pakistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Iran, Belarus

• 2026 Heads of States – Kyrgyzstan

BIMSTEC

• Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation

• Hq: Dhaka, Bangladesh

• Founded: 6 June 1997

• Total Member States: 7

• Members: Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Thailand

QUAD

• Quadrilateral Security Dialogue

• Founded (revived): 2017

• Total Members: 4

• Members: India, USA, Japan, Australia

• 2026 QUAD Foreign Ministers Meeting – New Delhi

SAARC

• South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation
​​​​​​​• Founded: 8 December 1985
​​​​​​​• Hq: Kathmandu, Nepal
​​​​​​​• Total Member States: 8
​​​​​​​• Members: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka

G20
​​​​​​​• Founded: 26 September 1999
​​​​​​​• Total Members: 19 Countries + European Union + African Union (since 2023)
​​​​​​​• Total Members (2026): 21
​​​​​​​• 2026 G20 Summit – Miami, USA (December 2026)

G7
​​​​​​​• Founded: 1975
​​​​​​​• Total Members: 7
​​​​​​​• Members: USA, UK, France, Germany, Italy, Canada, Japan
​​​​​​​• 52nd G7 Summit – France (2026)

NATO
​​​​​​​• North Atlantic Treaty Organisation
​​​​​​​• Founded: 4 April 1949
​​​​​​​• Hq: Brussels, Belgium
​​​​​​​• Total Member States (2026): 32
​​​​​​​• Finland joined 2023; Sweden joined 2024
​​​​​​​• 36th NATO Summit – Ankara, Turkiye (2026)
​​​​​​​• Secretary General – Mark Rutte (2026)

EU
​​​​​​​• Founded: 1 November 1993 (Maastricht Treaty)
​​​​​​​• Total Member States: 27
​​​​​​​• Hq: Brussels, Belgium
​​​​​​​• European Union Commission (President) – Ursula Von Der Leyen (2026)
​​​​​​​• President of European Parliament – Roberta Metsola (2026)
​​​​​​​
​​​​​​​African Union

• Founded: 9 July 2002
​​​​​​• Total Member States: 55
​​​​​​​• Hq: Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

UNO
​​​​​​​• Founded: 24 October 1945
​​​​​​​• Total Member States: 193
​​​​​​​• Hq: New York, USA

World Bank
​​​​​​​• Founded: July 1944 (Bretton Woods Agreement)
​​​​​​​• Operational from: 27 December 1945
​​​​​​​• Total Member Countries (IBRD): 189
​​​​​​​• Hq: Washington DC, USA

WHO
​​​​​​​• World Health Organisation
​​​​​​• Founded: 7 April 1948
​​​​​​​• Total Member States: 194
​​​​​​​• Hq: Geneva, Switzerland

IMF
​​​​​​​• International Monetary Fund
​​​​​​​• Founded: 27 December 1945
​​​​​​​• Total Member Countries: 190
​​​​​​​• Hq: Washington DC, USA

 ​​​​​​​